• Jamestown in the beginning was a failure, more people were sent to try to make the new colony profit
• Reasons for it’s early failures were because of its poor location
• John Smith an explorer was in charge and was determined to make this colony a success.
• Reorganization included instating a colony governor, Lord de la Warr.
• The colony was put into full production and expansion began.
• Tobacco production started after john Rolfe began trying to cultivate the crop
• Up and downs the james river tobacco plantations were being put in place
• The tobacco fields required large tracks of land—more and more land was needed and expansion started reaching native territory
• The Head Right System was established to encouraged people to move to Jamestown, they would receive 50 acre grants for everyone that came
• This means that very large plantations could be established
• Laborers were needed on the plantations--- and slaves from Africa slowly trickled in
• Pocahontas married john rolfe after being kidnapped by the Europeans
• She was put in charge of civilizing the Indians
• The survival of Jamestown was largely the result of agriculture technologies developed by the Indians
• The English were taught how to grow new crops in the new world
• The English learned how to make and canoe
• The Calverts were colonists looking to colonize Maryland, they needed a lot of people to do so though
• Since Baltimore gave large tracks of land to his family and high ranked people in England a high ranked class in Maryland developed on its own.
• Maryland like Virginia developed a head right system
• Maryland like Virginia became an area of tobacco cultivation
• Slaves now began showing up in America
• Sir William Berkley was the governor of Virginia, he took office in 1642 and stayed in control of the government until 1677
o Helped open up the interior of Virginia (sent explorers)
o Defeated the Indians
o The population had risen from 8,000 to 40,000 in the matter of 20 years
• Bacon was a very rich farmer, and like other rich farmers he was obtaining all the farm land pushing less rich farmers out into Indian land, he tried to resolve this by fighting the Indians off. The governor, William berkely didn’t like this. There was a small battle between the two and their own little militias. Berkeley ended up winning in the end
• Protestants originate from the puritans, they wanted reformation
• There were puritans in England, they moved down to Holland to exploit religious freedoms, they didn’t like the lifestyle so asked the king if they could go to the new world and he said it was a splendid idea
• They got there and the land they were given wasn’t part of the London Company, they issued the Mayflower Compact, where they would create the Plymouth Company.
• A lot of people came to live in Massachusetts
• Since the government was religiously run, many people moved west to Hartford
• Roger William set up Providence in Rhode island, the government was really the same as Massachusetts except there was no religious interference
• New Hampshire and Maine were established in 1629, but Maine was still a colony of Massachusetts
• Trade between the first white people and natives, created some big fortunes early on
• Conflicts occurred between the white and the natives when the whites got “hungry for land”
• King Phillips War was the bloodiest conflict between the natives and the whites over 1000 people died
• The Indian uprising was crushed
• Massachusetts bay company was set up to create was is now known as Massachusetts
• A lot of people migrated to Massachusetts, and Boston was established
• Winthrop a leader in the Massachusetts Bay Company believed that he could make Boston a model, a good example.
• King Phillip was an Indian (that was his English given name)
ENGLISH CIVIL WAR
1. Charles I dissolves parliament, and began ruling as an absolute monarch 1629
2. Desperately calls parliament back in 1640, when he needed money
3. The king dismissed the members twice, and they organized their own military force
4. It was a conflict between the Cavaliers (people who supported the King) and the Roundheads (the forces of parliament, who were largely puritans)
5. Lasted 7 years, when the Roundheads won they beheaded the monarch
6. The leader of the roundheads assumed power as the protector, but died in 1658
7. The son of the dead king, now returned from exile and obtained the throne
8. The pursuit of America began again as it was not perused during the civil war
9. Grants were given to companions
• Land given out was in very large parcels, the Grant was as big as from Virginia to Florida, large parcels of land were kept for the inherit ants but land was given away in the head right system to encourage settlers.
• Many attempts at bringing people in failed, Anthony Ashley Cooper stayed persistent and eventually creates Charlestown, and later to be renamed Charleston.
• John Locke drew out a constitution Carolina
• Carolina was divided into two county’s and the parcels with in these county’s was split up equally
• The trade of Rice became large→ and showed evidence of growth
• African Slavery began earliest on the island of Barbados then in any other region on the New World side
• Carolina was royally divided into north and south Carolina
• Charles II granted his brother James, the duke of York all the land between Connecticut and Delaware, but the Dutch were also granted this land
• The English conquered the Netherlands new world capital, New Amsterdam
• New Amsterdam became known as new York
• The duke became king and he gave land to Sir john Berkeley and Sir George Carteret
• The land they obtained became later known as new jersey
• Pennsylvania was born out of the English protestant sect. The society was lead by George Fox, and Margaret fell their followers became known as Quakers. Like puritans, but rejected the idea of predestination and original sin. They were pacifists
• Pennsylvania emerged from William Penn
• Chesapeake was the first permanent English settlements
• Sugar was the crop grown in the Caribbean
• Labor was needed and indentured servants didn’t want to do it so African slaves were called upon.
• Afraid of revolts white masters watched there slaves closely
• Not uncommon to work slaves to death
• The Spanish established an elaborate and impressive empire, Mexico city
• New Mexico was the most popular outpost
• Expansion into California became promising for the Spanish, many forts were set up; san Diego Santa Barbara, Monterey
• The Indian population here decreased dramatically
• Indians were used as laborers in the farms of California
• The growing ambitions of the French threatened Spanish expansion north
• France claimed Louisiana
• Spanish colonies didn’t want to displace natives, but rather enlist them wanted to convert them to Catholicism and make them trading partners
• The English pushed the Spanish out of Florida
• Georgia was the last English colony that was to be known as the use
• Oglethorpe was the founder he didn’t want trouble from the Spanish or the natives
• Grew very slowly after a legislature was put in place
• Where Europeans and Indians lived together was called a middle ground
• Europeans in the middle ground felt obligated to adapt to the tribal ways
• The French were very successful at creating good relationships with the tribes
• The relationship between the whites and the natives deteriorated after time, because new immigrants weren’t adapted to native ways
Three important navigation acts
1. Closed colonies to all trade except that carried by England, or the colonies to England
2. All goods sent from Europe to the colonies required a tax
3. Imposed duties on coastal trade among the English colonies
• Most colonials governments operated with out the crown
• The lords of trade made recomendations for imperial reform
• The dominion of new England combined all the colonies govs.
• James II was thrown out and mary and William of orange took control of England
• Colonial governments separated, massachsetts and Plymouth were combined to create a royal colony
• Colonial governments were changing→ gave the monarch more power >
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