CHAPTERS 7 AND 8

Study Guide
Chapters: 7 & 8


New Capital/First Inauguration: Pg 181, 182
Washington would be the new capital, soon emerge as a Paris of the USA, built by Pierre L’enfant. Population increased steadily, but at first it wasn’t much more than a tiny village—didn’t really amount to anything, compared to bigger cities like New York.
Jefferson viewed his win in 1800 over Adams as a revolution—he was a republican, the collapse of federalism. He was a common man—but very intelligent. He portrayed himself through the image of democratic simplicity, and the champion of a “common man.”

Marbury Vs. Madison: Pg 183
William Marbury was one of Adams Midnight Appointments, had been named a Justice of the peace in DC. His commission thought hadn’t been delivered and Madison refused to deliver it when Jefferson was inaugurated. The court didn’t have authority to order Madison to deliver it. The Judicial Review.







Gibbon’s Vs. Ogden: Pg 217
Court strengthened congresses power to regulate interstate commerce. Livingston and Fulton gave Ogden their steamboat company. Thomas Gibbons was granted a license by congress and began competing for ferry traffic.









Embargo Acts: Pg 190-191
Embargo 1807- Prohibited American ships from leaving USA soil, created a serious depression throughout the nation.
Non-Intercourse Acts 1810- replaced the Embargo, re-opened trade with all nations except Britain and France—try to get out of depression
Macon’s Bill no 2- replaced the non-intercourse Act a year later and stated: could trade again with Britain or France, but the president had the power to prohibit trade if, For example, England violated mutual shipping (maybe with impressments)

Corrupt Bargain: Pg 219
John quincy adams and jackson major competitors
Clay drops out supports adams
Adams wins
Makes clay secretary of state (u r the next president)
Very controversial, because clay hated Jackson—supported adams, made a deal and won, very unfair







Star Spangled Banner: Pg 197
Francis Scott Key was a lawyer who saw the Battle of Baltimore. He was on a captured British ship—he wrote a poem and it was put to a british drinking tune and it became our National Anthem.

Battle of Baltimore: Pg 196
In Fort Mchenry, kept repelling the British invasion. Ship owners and merchants sank their own ships to prevent the Brits from reaching US soil. The British came to Baltimore after they had destroyed Washington. All residents of Baltimore turned off lights—keeping the British guessing where the US soldiers were. The US was trying to protect Fort Mchenry while Brits were raiding the fort with canon balls.
Eli Whitney, the Cotton Gin: Pg 176
In 1793 he invented the Cotton Gin—removed seeds from cotton, quickly and efficiently. What would take workers a day to do would take the Gin a few hours. Gin comes from Engine. Eli Whitney also invented Interchangeable Parts (pg 177) which was good in war, when guns were jammed or if a farmer needed to fix his tractor he could do it because parts were similar.

Second Great Awakening: Pg 173
1. Cane Ridge Kentucky
2. During the summer of 1801
3. Religious revival, camp meeting, lasted several days and 25,000 people attended
4. Was open to all races and religions; the blunt idea of the second great awakening was that individuals must re-admit god into their daily lives
5. Told people to be pious and don’t question the irrationality of god





Anti-war Federalists: Pg 197
• Federalists from NE
• Growing opposition in war one of these contradicting groups was the ANTI WAR FEDERALISTS
• Opposition to both war and republican government

War Hawks: Pg 194
• Young congressman
• Lived on the border of Florida
• Urged for war on North and south borders of USA
• Wanted to expand US territory north and south
• Imperialistic

Hartford Convention: Pg 197
• Delegates from NE states met in Hartford, conneticut, to discuss their grievances against the Madison administration
• Reasserted the right of nullification and proposed 7 amendments to the constitution—protect NE from growing influence of S and W

Panic of 1819: Pg 213
• There was a depression
• People out of work
• 15000 lawsuits to try to collect debt
• people and children were homeless
• national bank attained new management; they tightened credit, this incident was fueled by skeptical investments and soaring land prices
• 6 year depression



Missouri Compromise: Pg 213-215
• Missouri was for slavery/ needed a non-slave territory to apply for statehood so the ratio was balanced
• Maine and Missouri both became states, Maine was not for slavery, Missouri was
o Now the ratio was 12:12
• An imaginary line was created to separate the Slave Territory and the not slave territories
• Prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana purchase
• Line was on the south border of Missouri but missuori was still a slave state
• Tallamadge Amendment would prohibit introduction of slaves into Missouri, and free those already there


• Monroe Doctrine:
o Said that any threat of colonization would be viewed as a threat to the country
o Established US as the superpower in the Western Hemisphere
♣ Will respond to threats with war


The Republican Way of Thinking

• Large government instead of small
• Needed for military
• Defense of Home land Security
o Increase navy
o 3 million on ships
o tariff of abominations—(25% on textile)(20% on everything else)
o Reinstating the National Bank
♣ Needed to keep currency aligned
♣ Hamilton’s bank brought back
• Transportation
o Build roads and canals, this would increase the productivity of the army as well as the economy

Was the Era of “good feelings really that”
-creation of new states
-growth of white settlement in the west
-growing nationalism with the war over—united nation
-virginia dynasty Monroe not from Virginia 1816
-decline of federalism, his party faced no real opposition
- in 1820 monroe won reelection with out a fight
-attain florida in the adams-onis treaty
-panic of 1819 6 year depression look above


• Seminole war eventually caused the Spanish to forfeit Florida
• Tribes were given basic rights to their tribal lands—with the marshall court
o Citizens couldn’t take land from the natives that power was only limited to the government (federal)
o National Republicans____federalist
o Democratic Republicans____republican
• Jackson won next election with no problem
• Considered his inaugeration as much of a revolution as Jefferson’s

-no one liked adams because he supported weird taxes that didn’t benefit anyone really
-south America was damned due to revolts and stuff, making the USA even more dominant is its trivial pursuit to attain power

Dartmouth vs. woodward—saying that Dartmouth a private U should become public, placed important restrictions on the ability of state govs. To control corps.

John Marshall helped establish the judiciary branch as a co-equal

Mexico gained independence from Spain in1821—they controlled much of western USA

Westward expansion occurred because of population growth, the need for more land—helped govs help build roads

Transportation—now after war of 1812 roads could be put as an important descision to make, whether the gov would fund or not, Madison didn’t think so—but when Monroe was elected he put it into motion—he liked it


Treaty of Ghent ended the war of 1812 put things back to the way they were before the war, Indians got screwed over, no help for them.

Chapter 7 Notes

Key Topics
1. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism
2. Stirrings of Industrialism
3. Jefferson the President
4. Doubling the National Domain
5. The war of 1812

Thomas Jefferson
• Him and his followers assumed control of the national government in 1801
• they purposed the fundamental concepts of republican simplicity, this was the first time a republican had been elected as president
• Due to Jefferson's presence and influence the "American Economy became steadily more diversified and complex, this pushed Jefferson's idea of an agrarian nation away from reality.

The Rise of Cultural Nationalism
• American cultural life in the early 19th century reflected the republican vision of America, and the nations future
• American religion began to adjust to the spread of Enlightenment rationalism

Educational and Literary Nationalism
• The republican vision of America was portrayed through there idea to instate public education, this, they believed would enlighten citizenry.
• This however was not fulfilled and education remained primarily in the hands of private institutions
• Most people could not afford to pay to go to these schools
• Mid- Atlantic schools were mainly run by religious groups
• In New England states schools were more run by secular groups (not religious)
• Private Secondary schools in New England refused to accept females--even if they had the money, even in public schools (there weren't many public schools) females were not accepted
• Americans however began to adopt the idea of the "Republican Mother"
• how could mothers raise their children if they were not educated properly
• America quickly absorbed the idea and public schools now accepted females

• Judith Sargent Murray published essays defending the right of education to women, she argued that women are as capable or even more so then men
• Her pursuits did not attract much support

• Jefferson and his followers liked to think of the Native Americans as "Nobel Savages"
• he proposed an idea to educate the Natives in hopes to uplift the tribes, missionaries swarmed the tribes in their efforts
• no such attempts were taken to educate the enslaved africans
• higher education became wanted by the public therefore many new schools opened up, none were totally public though
• even public universities relied on private funding to survive
• 1/1000 white men had access to college education

Medicine and Science
• The university of Pennsylvania created the first medical school in 1765
• medicine was a very unknown topic and typically patients were often had more fear from their doctors then from their actual illness
• George Washington had a minor throat infection, it is believed that the cause of his death was due to his doctors attempts at curing him, by bleeding and purging (putting lead into the system to kill bad stuff)
• Most childbirths were attended to by midwives--women often adopted this career as it was one of the only opportunities available to them
• Physicians started doing the child briths kicking the midwives out, poor mothers who could pay for the midwives, could not pay for the physicians to do their childbirth

Cultural Aspirations and the New Nation
• many American;s dreamed of an artistic life
• A growing number of writers started creating strong literature
• Noah Webster (Webster's Dictionary) was a Lawyer, Schoolmaster, and the author of spellers--he believed that American School Boys should be educated as nationalists

Religion and Revivalism
• the concepts of liberty and reason were two factors in the diluting of religious practice in America
• by the 1790's only 10% of American's were members at formal churches
• Deism is the idea that god created everything and just left it to be
• Jefferson and Franklin were supporters of this belief
• starting in 1801 religion made a major come back in the second Great Awakening
• Methodists, Baptist and Presbyterian churches emerged
• In a few years membership in these exponentially grew
• At Camp Kane Ridge , Kentucky--summer 1801--- revival of religion camp, 25,000 people went
• Second Great Awakening was that individuals must re-admit God and Christ into their daily lives--- and that they must reject skepticism of religion
• Female converters far outnumbered male converters
• Black preachers emerged and were decisive figures in the slave community-- this eventually led to revolts from slaves though
• native converting occured-- a lot converted to baptist Presbyterian, or methodists




Stirrings of Industrialism

Technology in America
• nothing had occurred thus far in history for America that could compare to the industrial revolution in England
• Samuel Slater created the Spinning Mill in Pawtucket, RI. (he was british)
• America had its own inventors though
• 1793, Eli Whitney created the Cotton Gin
• preformed the task of stripping seeds from the cotton-- did the job slaves did in days in hours
• Gin was a derivative from Engine
• Eli Whitney was also to create muskets with interchangeable parts for the US army
• the Importance of interchangeable parts was that, say, for example, a farmer in the middle of nowhere could fix his own tractor--- because he had the parts needed

Transportation Innovations
• the US needed a transportation system that allowed for efficient movement of raw materials to factories
• private projects were created and public roads were produced
• Robert Fulton's steamboat proved to be a necessity in transporting goods, and people
• The late 18 and early 19th centuries were known as the turnpike era "a turnpike was a toll road" -- the first one ran 60 miles from Philadelphia to Lancaster Pennsylvania
• this was a private project, it was so successful that other private rich people began investing and building
• Building turnpikes was difficult and often too expensive-- the government eventually got involved and smoothed things along, money wise

Country and City
• despite all the changes in America--it stayed pretty agrarian, and rural
• only 3% of the population lived in towns (more than 8,000 people
• people who lived in cities often became affluent--this led to a new class of people, who were interested in buying fine items
• Horse Racing had begun and affluent people often went to these as social events
• Thomas Jefferson, for all his commitment to the agrarian ideal, found himself president, obliged to confront and accommodate them (pg. 180)

Jefferson The President

• Privately Jefferson believed that his win over Adams was a revolution

The Federal City and the "People's President"
• Federal government was represented to the public by the capital, in Washington. --- It was to become a Paris like city
• In reality though in the early 1800's Washington was a suffering provincial village
• the presidential mansion was the original name for the white house
• Jefferson was a very simple person, often times when out of country kings or ambassadors would come to meet with Jefferson they would complain because of how he dressed, yet he never failed to impress them
• Jefferson had a wider range of interests and accomplishments than any other major political figure in American history-- besides for Benjamin Franklin
• Jefferson was a shrewd and practical politician who stayed tight with the constitution
• Jefferson used his powers to appoint many republicans to congress--he believed that the administration should be close to the ideals of the policies and principles of the party
• Republican membership in both houses of congress increased

Dollars and Ships
• yearly federal expenditures had tripled between 1793 and 1800--as Hamilton had hoped
• public debt also rose
• also an internal system of taxation had been created
• Jefferson and his administration worked to reverse these trends
• in 1802 Jefferson persuaded congress to abolish all internal taxes, leaving customs duties and the sale of western lands to create revenue for the government
• Although Jefferson was unable to retire the national debt, he did cut it almost in half, from 83 million to 45 million.
• Jefferson also scaled down the armed forces, from the already tiny 4,000 person army to a 2,500 person army-- he argued that armies could revolt and overthrow the government, therefore they should be small with limited power, but effective
• Piracy became an issue in northern Africa, America agreed to treaties providing an annual tribute to these countries
• Tripoli one of these African nations wanted more tribute-- America didn't want to pay it, Pasha (minister of tripoli) ordered for the American flag at their embassy to be cut down, it represented the fore-coming of war, America built up its naval forces around there and in the end, a treaty was signed--- America didn't have to pay tribute to tripoli any more, but it did have to pay a ransom for some soldiers who were captured by Tripolian forces.

Conflict with the Courts
• The republican party won control of the executive and legislative branches, the party now looked at the judicial part of the equation.
• the judicial branch was mainly controlled by the federalists
• Congress launched an attack on this preserve of the opposition
• first step: the repeal of the judiciary act of 1801 implemented by John Adams, in which he appointed "Midnight appoinments"-- which he made the judgeship
• The Supreme courts under power of the Federalists had authority to nullify acts



Marbury Vs. Madison

• William Marbury, one of Adam's "Midnight Appointments" had been named a justice of peace in the District of Columbia
• after Jefferson got elected (inauguration) congress launched an attack-- and basically tried to repeal the judiciary act of 1801
• Big debates over the right for the supreme court to nullify acts of congress
• William marbury was one of Adams "midnight appointments"-- he had been named a justice of the peace in DC, but this commission did not go through because it was during the time of Jefferson's inauguration
• James Madison--the now secretary of state-- refused to hand over the commission
• the court decided they had no authority to order Madison to deliver it
• so it was a victory for the administration
• the Judiciary Act 1789 had given the court the power to compel executive officials to act in such matters as the delivery of a commission
• This is why Marbury filed a suit
• the congress and the court had exceeded there powers and therefore the the Judiciary Act of 1789 was void
• John Marshall established the Judicial branch as a co-equal to the legislative and executive branches
• John Marshall was appointed by Sam Adams in 1801 as Cheif Justice
• he made judicial coequal by trying to battle to give the federal government unity and strength

Doubling the National Domain

• by this it simply means enlarging the area at which one owns, in this case it was the USA
• Napoleon had failed to seize india from Great Britain--- he began to dream of the restoration of french power in the new world
• territory west of the mississippi-- which france had lost in the french indian war belonged to spain
• frenches ally the spanish--- were given orders to close new orleans to american trade
• Jefferson ordered livingston to go buy new oreleans--
• so he went there and said America wanted to purchase it--- instead france sold the whole Louisiana Purchase which had been acquired by them through a treaty with spain recently
• it sold for 15 million dollars
• To explore his newly bought land---- jefferson sent out Lewis and clark and they explored the vast area that was the Louisiana Purchase
• Jefferson's reelection showed that people supported the decision to buy the Purchase
• Federalists raged against this as--more states meant less power for the party
• a group of extreme federalists called the Essex Junto beleived the only way to have success was to seperate from the northern confederacy
• alexander hamilton refused to help--- so they went to Burr the VP for support
• he agreed to govern NY
• But burr lost the election for governor of NY--- he thought it was because of Hamilton so he called him out on a duel and Hamilton ended up dying
• burr was arrested in the battle of New Orleans

Expansion And War

• in the last years of Jeffersons candidacy tensions between european countries

Conflicts on sea
• In the battle of Trafalgar a bristish fleet destroyed what was left of the french navy
• Napoleon hurt england, though in different ways--- since he conquered most of europe-- he blockaded his land from british trade it was called the Continental System

Impressment

• many british sailors were forced into the navy-- it was called a floating hell---- many deserted and went to america and worked on merchant ships-- bristish started finding their brits on American ships and so they would forcibly take them off the boats and put them back to work
• Chesapeake and Leopard Incident was when the brits even took the americans off and made them work--- americans wanted revenge
• america wanted britain to renounce impressment
• they didn't-- good to note that this was a factor in the war

Peaceable Coercion

• Jefferson instated an embargo to prevent american ships from leaving our soil--- this would keep impressment and the possiblitiy of war to a minimum
• Merchants, shipbuilders and ship owners were the hardest hit
• When Maddison took office he replaced the Embargo with the NON-INTERCOURSE ACT
• it re-opened trade with france and britiain
• a year later the intercourse act was replaced by the Macon's Bill No 2-- reopened trade with britain and france and commercial relations --- if the violation of neutrality took place the first embargo where prohibition of trade took place

The Indian Problem and the British
• americans were still dislodging indians, and indians were looking for british help
• the british in canada cherished there relations with the indians--fur trade brought wealth
• Harrison Land Law made it easy to buy land on a much easier scale
• Jefferson Proposed an idea about Assimilation and gave the indians 2 choices
• could convert themselves into settled farmers and become part of the white society
• or they could migrate west of the mississippi
• in both cases they lost there land

Techumseh the Prophet
• spawned a religious revival --- it spread through many tribes (Tenskatwana)
• techumseh was the leader of the indian military efforts
• they promised the return of all lost indian land
• they fell when William Henry Harrison destroyed there efforts--- in abattle of 1000 men (the battle of tippecanoe)


Florida and War Fever

• War Hawks
• West Florida men
• young congressmen
• advocates of war with Britain


The War of 1812

Battles with the tribes
• fell at detroit
• a lot of battles on the sea we lost
• we won some on the sea too though
• decisive battles were battle of baltimore, and battle of New Orleans
• we burnt there capitol they burnt ours

Peace Settlement
• pretty much everything went back to how it was at the begining of the war
• ameicans gave up in trying to get rid of impressment
• british stopped nagging US for indian land benefeits
• the indians didn't get helped
• THIS WAS ALL CALLED " THE TREATY OF GHENT"